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Lines of signalling relay stations can send messages to any required distance, but all these systems are limited to one extent or another in the range of messages that they can send. Passing messages by signalling over distance is an ancient practice. There was only one ancient signalling system described that does meet these criteria. Voltage sent over the pins can be in one of two states, what is control cable On or Off. Polybius (2nd century BC) suggested using two successive groups of torches to identify the coordinates of the letter of the alphabet being transmitted. That was a system using the Polybius square to encode an alphabet. The number of said torches held up signalled the grid square that contained the letter. The designation NM XX-Y indicates, respectively, the type of sheathing (in this case, non-metallic), the size of the main conductors, and the total number of circuit conductors (exclusive of the grounding conductor).

Form factors considered obsolete in 1999 included Baby-AT, full size AT, and the semi-proprietary LPX for low-profile cases. American early and middle 20th century telephone cables had load coils at intervals of a mile (1.61 km), usually in coil cases holding many. Shaw, T & Fondiller, W, "Developments and Applications of Loading for Telephone Circuits", Transactions of the American Institute of Electrical Engineers, vol. 253 Ironically, the invention of the telephone grew out of the development of the harmonic telegraph, a device which was supposed to increase the efficiency of telegraph transmission and improve the profits of telegraph companies. The word telegraph (from Ancient Greek: τῆλε (têle) 'at a distance' and γράφειν (gráphein) 'to write') was coined by the French inventor of the semaphore telegraph, Claude Chappe, who also coined the word semaphore. France was slow to adopt the electrical telegraph, because of the extensive optical telegraph system built during the Napoleonic era. An engine order telegraph, used to send instructions from the bridge of a ship to the engine room, fails to meet both criteria; it has a limited distance and very simple message set. In the UK, the London, Brighton and South Coast Railway pioneered overhead electrification of its suburban lines in London, London Bridge to Victoria being opened to traffic on 1 December 1909. Victoria to Crystal Palace via Balham and West Norwood opened in May 1911. Peckham Rye to West Norwood opened in June 1912. Further extensions were not made owing to the First World War.

Traffic became high enough to spur the development of automated systems-teleprinters and punched tape transmission. Electric trains need not carry the weight of prime movers, transmission and fuel. In fact, the electric telegraph was as important as the invention of printing in this respect. Although the electrical telegraph had been in use for more than a decade, the network did not yet reach everywhere and portable, ruggedized equipment suitable for military use was not immediately available. The heliograph was standard military equipment as late as World War II. The heliograph is a telegraph system using reflected sunlight for signalling. A telegraph message sent by an electrical telegraph operator or telegrapher using Morse code (or a printing telegraph operator using plain text) was known as a telegram. The electric telegraph was slower to develop in France due to the established optical telegraph system, but an electrical telegraph was put into use with a code compatible with the Chappe optical telegraph. By the end of the 19th century, the telegraph was becoming an increasingly common medium of communication for ordinary people. Instead of using RS-422's balanced transmit and receive circuits, the AppleTalk cabling used a single common electrical ground, which limited speeds to about 500 kbit/s, but allowed one conductor to be removed.

Most USB hubs use one or more integrated controllers (ICs), of which several designs are available from various manufacturers. One of the few for which details are known is a system invented by Aeneas Tacticus (4th century BC). Few details have been recorded of European/Mediterranean signalling systems and the possible messages. The Ming dynasty (1368-1644) added artillery to the possible signals. D− and signals the insertion to the host via this interrupt endpoint. When the host polls this interrupt endpoint, it learns that the new device is present. To this aim, each hub has a single interrupt endpoint "1 IN" (endpoint address 1, hub-to-host direction) used to signal changes in the status of the downstream ports. Hubs are not transparent when dealing with changes in the status of downstream ports, such as insertion or removal of devices. In particular, if a downstream port of a hub changes status, this change is dealt with in an interaction between the host and this hub; with any hubs between the host and "changed hub" acting as transparent. what is control cable (via) Is the Difference Between Powered & Non-Powered USB Hubs? USB 2.0 logo is a trident, while the USB 3.0 logo is a similar trident with the letters 'SS' (which stands for SuperSpeed) attached.