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A cancer of the bone marrow and blood, AML is a potentially fatal disease. It may arise from a malignant cell in the blood that is able to combine with other cells to create an leukemia-related tumor.

A January report discovered that children who lived in Houston's Fifth Ward, Kashmere Gardens and other neighborhoods were five times more likely to develop acute lymphoblastic cancer than children from other areas of the city.

Chemotherapy

Chemotherapy utilizes medications to kill cancerous cells and stop their growth. It is administered in a variety of ways. The chemotherapy could be injected through a catheter or a thin needle directly into the artery that supplies cancer. This type of chemotherapy, also referred to as intra-arterial chemotherapy or IA chemotherapy is administered via the use of a thin tube (catheter). It is delivered via an operation or catheter into your peritoneal cavities which house organs such as the intestines and liver. It can be delivered into the cerebrospinal fluid, which surrounds and shields the spinal cord and brain. This is known as intrathecal chemotherapy or IT chemotherapy.

A targeted therapy is a type of chemotherapy that targets specific mutations within cancer cells. It can be utilized by itself or in combination with other treatments, including bone marrow transplants.

A newer treatment targets an enzyme involved in the complex process of controlling the growth of blood cells. It is administered by the mouth or via injection into a vein, and it works for certain patients with AML.

Ask your doctor for the duration and frequency of chemotherapy. Make arrangements with your employer to cut your work hours or allow time off during treatment. Ask your family and friends for help with transportation, meals and household chores. Try to get regular exercise to ease the fatigue caused by treatment.

Stem Cell Transplant

Stem cells are blood-forming cells that grow and mature into different types of blood cells our body needs. The bone Marrow is a soft, spongy, and fibrous tissue found in the majority of bones. Cancer treatments can harm or destroy stem cells and the blood cells they make. A stem cell (also known as a bone marrow) transplant replaces unhealthy cells with healthy ones. A transplant may cure certain forms of leukemia and lymphoma, or at least limit them temporarily. It can also be used to treat other ailments like childhood cancers non-cancerous blood disorders and bone marrow disorders. The procedure involves collecting healthy blood-forming cells from another person, usually someone from the family, and transferring them to you. The cells donated by the donor could be autologous which means they are stem cells that were taken from the patient prior to treatment. They could also be allogeneic which means that stem cells were donated by a different person or an individual from the family.

In an autologous transfer, doctors take healthy stem cells from the bone marrow or bloodstream, and store them. After chemotherapy is completed the cells are returned to the bloodstream or bone marrow. This helps in restoring the immune system and blood-forming cells.

If the stem cells are harvested from a donor the donor receives daily injections of medication that increase the number of stem cells in their blood for several days before they are collected. The donor could have an injector inserted into a vein within their arm or undergo a surgical procedure known as a bone marrow transplant in the operating room of a hospital. Pretransplant treatments, including chemotherapy and radiation therapy are used to prepare the body of the patient for the donor's cells.

Immunotherapy

Immunotherapy is an option for certain cancers, in addition to chemotherapy. It works by helping your immune system attack and destroy cancerous cells. Antibodies are other substances which alter the how your immune system functions. These drugs include monoclonal antibody and immune checkpoint inhibitors.

Monoclonal antibodies are proteins that help your immune system locate and attach to cancerous cells. They also block signals that switch off your immune system. Immune checkpoint inhibitors block the proteins PD-1, the PD-L1 protein, csx transportation scleroderma and cancer cells. The lymphocytes remain active to combat cancerous cells.

Other immunotherapy treatments employ vaccines that target cancerous cells or your own immune system. They can be taken as pills, or injected directly into the vein. They are typically administered in a hospital. They can also be administered through the use of a long plastic tube which is inserted into a chest wall (port-a-cath).

Certain immunotherapy treatments focus on specific mutations in your white blood cells. These types of treatments are referred to as cellular immunotherapy. They can be extremely efficient. For example, the drug nivolumab (Opdivo) improves survival in patients with non-small-cell lung cancer who are affected by certain mutations. Researchers are trying to find new ways to create CAR T cells more effective against other types of cancer.

Radiation

Radiation can be administered as an external beam, or internally within the body. Combining it with other treatments, like chemotherapy, can improve the likelihood of complete recovery. Radiation therapy is particularly beneficial for patients who aren't able to undergo a stem-cell transplant, or who don't respond well to other treatments.

In this PDQ cancer information summary, health professionals will learn more about the diagnosis and treatment of acute myeloid leukemia (AML). This summary is compiled by the PDQ Adult Treatment Editorial Board, which is independent of the National Cancer Institute.

Acute myeloid leukemia with myelodysplasia-related features (FAB classification M3 or M4):

Multilineage dysplasia in bone marrow and blood.

Included are:

Dysgranulopoiesis (neutrophils with hypogranular nuclei and hypogranular cytoplasm).

Disruption of the normal cellular maturation process, leading to the proliferation of immature or mature myeloblasts.

These are typically associated with mutations in the BRCA1 or BRCA2 genes, or translocation (t(8;21), q22;q22).

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